Yes you can. Which is the entire point of the argument.

On the one hand, you argue that you can't give a foul after a foul. But that's the entire reason that the goal didn't stand. Because VAR literally gave a foul after a foul. The ref did not blow the whistle and stop play before the goal. It was a goal. But the goal was disallowed because of Haaland's foul. There is no DOGSO infringement to enforce unless the referees are saying that something took place to disallow a goal. Szobo did not stop the goal. The center did not stop the goal (or blow the whistle). The only one's stopping the goal are video assistants who are saying that the goal should be disallowed because Haaland fouled Szobo. So yes, they are enforcing the foul after Szobo's foul.

But all of that is academic because even if you want to split hairs regarding subsequent fouls, I'm advocating for a card. And you can most certainly give a card after a foul.